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AlphaFold's protein structure predictions earned the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Here's what the MSA + Transformer architecture actually does and why it matters.
CUDA OOM errors have five common root causes: oversized batch, gradients accumulating in the computation graph, unreleased intermediate tensors, multi-GPU imbalance, and memory fragmentation. Correct diagnosis beats adding empty_cache() every time.
Transformer self-attention is inherently orderless — positional encoding is the fix. From sinusoidal absolute encoding, to learnable absolute encoding, to relative positional encoding, to RoPE (Rotary Position Embedding): modern LLMs almost universally use RoPE because it requires no parameters, naturally encodes relative distances, and can be extended to longer sequences.
AI video generation has been plagued by temporal drift and forgetting for years. In 2025, FramePack, Mixture of Contexts, and A2RD introduced systematic solutions that make long-form video generation genuinely viable.